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While there is currently an oversupply of memory semiconductors due to a sluggish global economy, analog chips for automotive and industrial applications remain in short supply. Lead times for these analog chips can be as long as 40 weeks, compared to around 20 weeks for memory stocks.

In semiconductor fabrication, etching is one of the major steps, along with photolithography and thin-film deposition. It involves removing unwanted materials from the surface of a wafer using chemical or physical methods. This step is carried out after coating, photolithography, and developing. It is used to remove the exposed thin film material, leaving only the desired portion of the wafer, and then removing the excess photoresist. These steps are repeated numerous times to create complex integrated circuits.

The third-generation wide bandgap semiconductor materials, such as Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Silicon Carbide (SiC), are renowned for their exceptional optoelectronic conversion and microwave signal transmission capabilities. These materials meet the demanding requirements of high-frequency, high-temperature, high-power, and radiation-resistant electronic devices. Therefore, they have vast application prospects in new-generation mobile communications, new energy vehicles, smart grids, and LED technologies. The comprehensive development of the third-generation semiconductor industry urgently requires breakthroughs in key core technologies, continual advancement in device design and innovation, and a resolution to import dependencies.

As technology nodes continue to shrink, the formation of ultra-shallow junctions presents significant challenges. Thermal annealing processes including Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and flash lamp annealing (FLA) are vital techniques that maintain high impurity activation rates while minimizing diffusion, ensuring optimal device performance.

There are many types of gallium nitride (GaN), with silicon-based GaN being the most discussed. This technology involves growing GaN materials directly on a silicon substrate.

One of the unique properties of semiconductor materials is that their conductivity, as well as their conductivity type (N-type or P-type), can be created and controlled through a process called doping. This involves introducing specialized impurities, known as dopants, into the material to form junctions on the surface of the wafer. The industry employs two main doping techniques: thermal diffusion and ion implantation.